agrostis avenacea toxicity

Onderstepoort J Vet Res. This weed easily outcompetes native vegetation. Early detection of toxic fields enables farmers to mow the heads off the grass or graze it before it becomes too toxic. © 2020 EquiMed, LLC. alba Agrostis alba var. Losses from the disorder can be minimized by early recognition of signs and removal to safe grazing or by reducing grazing pressure. The seed-head galls are created by the nematode Anguina funesta and colonized by R. toxicus. All rights reserved. This often fatal neurotoxic disease occurs in livestock of any age that graze pastures in which annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is present and in the seedhead stage of growth. Grass, tufted with spreading seedhead. Agrostis avenacea, a monocot, is a perennial grass that is not native to California; it has been naturalized in the wild. Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT), corynetoxin poisoning, corynetoxicosis, and tunicaminyluracyl (TMU) poisoning are names for the disease. Our review process includes an important veterinarian review, helping to assure the content is consistent with the latest understanding from a medical professional. Clinical signs identical to those of annual ryegrass toxicity have been described in Australia in animals grazing Agrostis avenacea (annual blown grass), Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass), or Ehrharta longiflora (annual veldtgrass) infected with nematode galls containing R. toxicus. Outbreaks of ergot alkaloid toxicity in cattle on L. … 1:171 (1791). Toxicity from soluble oxalates is most likely from rapid, large plant intake. Nat. Agrostis avenacea. November 2006. Other species differentiated in this study include A. agropyronifloris, A. graminis, A. microlaenae, A. pacificae, and undescribed species from host species Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis avenacea, Polypogon monospeliensis, Stipa … accumulation in blown grass (Agrostis avenacea) or annual beard grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), occurs infrequently in association with prolonged floods and has been reported in both NSW and the SE of South Australia. Pacific bentgrass Agrostis avenacea, a monocot, is a perennial grass that is not native to California; it has been naturalized in the wild. These diseases have been called flood plain staggers, Stewart range syndrome, and veldtgrass staggers, respectively. Coastal and inland areas of subtropical and temperate regions. maritima Agrostis alba var. palustris Agrostis alba var. R. toxicus. Forst.) When animals are severely affected, nervous spasms supervene, and convulsions could be precipitated by either forced exercise or high ambient temperatures. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. However, mortality from annual ryegrass toxicity is commonly 40%–50% and occasionally higher. Schneider DJ. Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bent grass); flowerheads are open panicles; 9-30 cm long, spreading or drooping and with delicate branches. Whereas the inflorescences of annual ryegrass infected with A funesta usually appear normal, nematode-infested inflorescences of these other grasses show distinctive signs. Annual ryegrass toxicity and blown grass/beard grass poisoning Dr Chris Bourke Principal Research Scientist (Poisonous Plants), Orange Agricultural Institute This Primefact covers annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) and the related livestock poisonings associated with blown grass (Agrostis avenacea) and annual beard grass (Polypogon monspiliensis), Spread of bacteria-infested nematodes to adjacent healthy annual ryegrass pastures is slow. There is no effective treatment other than removing the animals from the offending pasture and hoping that they might recover. click on a thumbnail to view an image, or see all the Agrostis thumbnails at the Plants Gallery Hitchcock, A.S. (rev. Hence, animals show no sign of toxicity until late spring and summer. Death may occur within hours (affected animals are often found dead), or up to a week after onset of signs. Evaluated on: 27-Jul-04. First report of annual ryegrass toxicity in the Republic of South Africa. Observation Search (301 records) Plant Characteristics. Gmel. The nematode species that feed on plants are so tiny that you need a microscope to see them. Agrostis airoides Agrostis alba Agrostis alba var. Losses from the disorder can be minimized by early recognition of signs and removal of livestock to safe grazing or by reducing grazing pressure, though signs of disease may still appear intermittently in those animals for several weeks. , MSc (Microbiology), BHort Sc, DipHort, Endophyte Mycology, Forage Improvement Section, AgResearch Limited. 2002) and 190 and 310 ppm B, respectively in leaves Plafar online si Magazin de produse naturiste Intra pe WWW.PLANTEEA.RO si comanda acum produsele dorite la cele mai bune preturi Descopera ofertele noastre pentru produsele naturiste si bio Comanda telefonic la numarul: 0770.224.455 sau ONLINE Cea mai mare varietate de produse bio Show All Show Tabs Pacific bentgrass General Information; Symbol: AGAV Group: Monocot Family: Poaceae ... Agrostis retrofracta Willd. New South Wales, Australia. Outbreaks of ergot alkaloid toxicity in cattle on L rigidum have been reported in South Africa and should not be confused with annual ryegrass staggers. The legacy of this great resource continues in the online and mobile app versions today. The only other manifestation of CT intoxication reported in Australia occurred in pigs consuming mouldy wheat in NSW. Agrostis avenacea. Common names Blown-grass in English New Zealand wind grass in English Pacific bentgrass in language. VIEW ARTICLE. vector of R. toxicus in annual ryegrass toxicity. LAFI3: Lachnagrostis filiformis (G. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. Alan C. McKay, Field Crops Pathology Unit, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064. Agrostis avenacea Photo courtesy Joseph DiTomaso. Blown grass, Blow-away grass. plymven in Swedish Bibliographic References major Agrostis alba var. The record derives from WCSP which reports it as an accepted name (record 389234) with … Although the same bacterium is responsible for all the diseases, the Anguina nematode vectors of R toxicus for these three grasses are different species than the A funesta associated with annual ryegrass toxicity. 1995 May; 72 (5):187–190. Cal-IPC rating: Limited Plant Distribution. Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is the main host for the seed-gall nematode Anguina funesta. Compendia articles, core healthcare topics and more are written and updated as a group effort. threshold of toxicity and toxicity were 74 and 10 6 μg g-1 in leaves and 50 and 72 μg g -1 in kernels of groundnut (Sinha et al . Overview; Gallery; Names; Classification; Records; Literature; Sequences; Data Partners + Online Resources. EquiMed does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It becomes straw-coloured and brittle with age, easily breaking off and blown by wind. Annual ryegrass toxicity is seen in western and southern Australia and in South Africa from November to March. Mechanically topping annual ryegrass pastures up to 10 days after the first heads emerge will reduce production of toxic bacterial galls. bent grass in English blown grass in English common blown grass in English fairy grass in English plymven in Swedish 類燕麥翦股穎 in language. User Agreement and Privacy Policy. An Agrostis avenacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Friedrich Gmelin.An Agrostis avenacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. occurs in Australia and South Africa. In Australia, the responsible corynetoxins (members of the tunicaminyluracil group) are produced in seedhead galls induced by the nematode Anguina funesta and colonized by R toxicus. Synonyms: Agrostis retrofracta. Calamagrostis avenacea (J.F. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Identification of Corynetoxins as the Cause of Poisoning Associated with Annual Beardgrass (Polypogon monspeliensis (L) Desf.) To prevent having to re-spray, a person can graze sheep at a high stocking rate to remove this regrowth before it becomes toxic. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic neurologic signs of tremors, incoordination, rigidity, and collapse when stressed, but these animals often become apparently normal again when left undisturbed. Agrostis. Synonyms: Agrostis retrofracta Common names: Pacific bentgrass Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bentgrass) is a perennial grass (family Pocaceae) commonly found throughout northern California and San Diego County. These diseases have been called flood plain staggers, Stewart range syndrome, and veldtgrass staggers, … Prod. Observation Search (301 records) Plant Characteristics. occurs in Australia and South Africa. infection in seedheads of Agrostis avenacea and Polypogon monspeliensis. Livestock deaths associated with Clavibacter toxicus/Anguina sp. Ruminants, horses . Early detection of toxic fields enables farmers to mow the heads off grass or to allow grazing before the grass becomes too toxic. is f!i rtrm cl ?V McIntosh GH, Thomas MR. Characteristic neurologic signs are similar to those of perennial ryegrass staggers, but mortality from annual ryegrass toxicity is higher--commonly 40% to 50% of more of the affected animals die. Other species differentiated in this study include A. agropyronifloris, A. graminis, A. microlaenae, A. pacificae, and undescribed species from host species Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis avenacea, Polypogon monospeliensis, Stipa sp., Astrebla pectinata, and Holcus lanatus. These diseases have been called flood plain staggers, Stewart range syndrome, and veldtgrass staggers, respectively. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report. The Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. Generally the regrowth tillers are not as infested with bacteria as the original heads. EquiMed® and Horse Health Matters® are registered trademarks of EquiMed, LLC. ARGToccursas amajorproblem in WesternAustralia (WA)andSouthAustralia (SA) Clinical signs identical to those of annual ryegrass toxicity have been described in Australia in animals grazing Agrostis avenacea (annual blown grass), Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass), or Ehrharta longiflora (annual veldtgrass) infected with nematode galls containing R toxicus. is an accepted name This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Agrostis (family Poaceae). Consumption of the fruit, seed, stem, or leaves of avocados can cause toxicity in animals. Home; Register; Login; Discover; by Species; by Specimen Livestock deaths associated with Clavibacter toxicus/Anguina sp. nema-todes,wheretheyinfecttheformingseedsandproduce corynetoxins that are poisonous to livestock that graze the grass [1]. This can lead to increased nematode numbers, and increased populations of toxic bacteria, particularly where there has been a high intensity of cropping. Blown-grass species Accepted Name authority: UKSI Establishment means: Native. Corynetoxins (tunicaminyluracils produced by Rathayibactertoxicus bacteria in seedhead nematode galls) cause "floodplain staggers," with convulsions and death in most cases. Hence, the clinical expression of the disorder is nervous. Names in Agrostis This list is drawn from the Index of California Plant Names, Fred Hrusa's Crosswalk, and the Jepson Flora. Agrostis avenacea J.F. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Blown grass, Blow-away grass. Grazing animals usually show no sign of toxicity until late spring and summer. Agrostis avenacea is known elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. 1950. Synonymy: Avena filiformis Forster f., Fl.Insul. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. When animals eat infected Agrostis avenacea or Polypogon monspeliensis, the malady is called flood plain staggers. Agrostis avenacea (blown grass) is infected [1, 5, 6]. Agrostis avenacea J.F. A. The bacterium is carried onto the host plants by Anguina spp. Outbreaks of ergot alkaloid toxicity in cattle on L. rigidum have been reported in South Africa and should not be confused with annual ryegrass staggers. Outbreaks occur 2–6 days after animals graze a pasture that contains annual ryegrass infected at a toxic level. First report of annual ryegrass toxicity in the Republic of South Africa. Mga kasarigan. Schneider DJ. Citation: J. Gmelin, Syst. The toxins produced by these bacteria cause annual ryegrass toxicity in grazing animals when consumed in sufficient quantity. Polioencephalomalacia and enterotoxemia are other differential diagnoses, since these diseases also cause signs of incoordination and staggering. A yellow slime may be observed on infected ryegrass heads. Both diseases primarily affect sheep, but cattle, horses and goats also can be affected and killed [7, 8]. Other species differentiated in this study include A. agropyronifloris, A. graminis, A. microlaenae, A. pacificae, and undescribed species from host species Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis avenacea, Polypogon monospeliensis, Stipa sp., Astrebla pectinata, and Holcus lanatus. Signs identical to those of annual ryegrass toxicity have recently been described in Australia in animals grazing annual blown grass (Agrostis avenacea), annual beard grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), or annual veldtgrass (Ehrharta longiflora) infected with worm galls. In recent years, ryegrass stands have developed resistance to many commonly used herbicides. Animals fed nematode galls that are not colonized by bacteria do not become ill. DISTRIBUTION. 9(1786); Agrostis filiformis (Forster f.) Sprengel, Fl. Agrostis avenacea J.F.Gmel. Polioencephalomalacia and enterotoxemia are other differential diagnoses. Infection in Seedheads of Agrostis avenacea and Polypogon monspeliensis. Animals fed nematode galls that are not colonized by bacteria do not become ill. DISTRIBUTION. * Author for correspondence: D. J. Hampson, School of Vet? Common Names: Pacific bentgrass. Research. Gall identification is difficult in annual ryegrass pastures, and in south Australia the bacterium in emerging seedheads is detected and quantified by ELISA. There is a suspicion that it Abstract Flood plain staggers, a recently discovered poisoning of livestock, has been linked to C. toxicus infection in the seedheads of A. avenacea in northern New South Wales and P. monspeliensis in the southeast of South Australia. The features used to distinguish Lachnagrostis aemula from L. filiformis show no sharp discontinuity, but when used collectively, they usually allow placement into one or other of the species. September … corynetoxin poisonings annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) and flood plain staggers. Geographic subdivisions for Agrostis avenacea: s NCo, s NCoR, SNF, GV, CW, n SCo : MAP CONTROLS 1. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Hay made from a certain fescue grass--Festuca rubra commutata --with seed-head galls infected by Rathayibacter toxicus (a gram-positive toxin-producing bacterium that parasitizes plants) has caused a similar disease in cattle and horses in Oregon. This nematode carries the toxin-producing bacterium, Rathayibacter toxicus, into ryegrass seed-heads. Gmel. A thorough history and evaluation of the pastures will assist in differentiation of staggers caused by other grasses such as perennial ryegrass, phalaris, and the ergots of paspalum and other grasses. Watsonian Vice Counties - 12 mile buffer Ordnance Survey Grids - 10km Countries with sea areas Minimum elevation (in metres) Sensitive Grid size (m) Spatial validity Location ID The promising result with this toxin-binding agent offers hope for treatment of animals once they have become affected with annual ryegrass staggers. Manual of the grasses of the United States . Aust. ARGT Agrostis avenacea J.F. one or more occurrences within a 7.5-minute … When animals are severely affected, nervous spasms may occur, and convulsions could be precipitated by exercise or hot weather. © 2008 Adonis (Don) Tate CalPhotos (UCB) © 2017 Adonis (Don) Tate CalPhotos (UCB) Getting rid of annual ryegrass does not eliminate the nematode completely, and their numbers can quickly build up again if ryegrass comes back into that pasture. Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is generally described as an acute and often fatal neurological disease of livestock caused by consumption of the seed heads of annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium rigidum) infected and replaced by corynetoxin (CT) producing bacteria, Rathayibacter toxicus. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to examine the relatedness of 52 isolates of Clavibacter toxicus, the agent of annual ryegrass toxicity. It is seen in western and southern Australia and in South Africa from November to March. Hay of Festuca rubra commutata (Chewing’s fescue) with Rathayibacter toxicus–infected seedhead galls has caused a similar disease in cattle and horses in Oregon. Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bent grass); flowerheads are open panicles; 9-30 cm long, spreading or drooping and with delicate branches. infection in seedheads of Agrostis avenacea and Polypogon monspeliensis. 1981 Dec; 48 (4):251–255. vector of R. toxicus in annual ryegrass toxicity. You can change the display of the base map and layers by clicking on the layer control box in the upper right-hand corner. Deaths occur within hours, or as long as 1 wk after onset of signs. annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT). Agrostis avenacea J. F. Gmel. Pacific bentgrass inhabits open, disturbed, often moist places to 300 m elevation. Media in category "Agrostis avenacea" The following 52 files are in this category, out of 52 total. Cardiovascular function and vascular integrity are consequently impaired, and peripheral circulation and oxygen distribution is compromised. A thorough history and evaluation of the pastures can help a person differentiate between staggers caused by other grasses such as perennial ryegrass, phalaris (a family of grasses that include Reed canarygrass), and the ergots of paspalum (crowngrass) and other grasses. Gall identification is difficult in annual ryegrass pastures, and in southern Australia the bacterium in emerging seed-heads is detected and quantified by ELISA tests in a laboratory. Annual ryegrass staggers is a neurotoxic disease (often fatal) that occurs in livestock of any age that graze pastures in which annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is present in the seed-head stage of growth. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Diseases And Conditions. ARGT has also been recorded in South Africa [7]. Aust Vet J. McIntosh GH, Thomas MR. Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of flood plain staggers, a corynetoxicosis of livestock grazing Agrostis avenacea. Chase). Controlling annual ryegrass removes the nematode’s breeding site, and without the nematode the bacteria are unable to enter the plant. By seed-set the galls are formed and rapidly developing toxicity. It becomes straw-coloured and brittle with age, easily breaking off and blown by wind. Oliv. To manage herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass, many farmers are now adopting an integrated approach to ryegrass control, but using livestock to help control the ryegrass may expose these animals to toxic annual ryegrass. kingdom Plantae - plants » divisio Magnoliophyta - flowering plants » class Liliopsida - monocotyledons » order Poales » family Poaceae » genus Agrostis - bentgrass Scientific synonyms. Search. Grazing of hay aftermath from toxic pastures should be avoided. Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of flood plain staggers, a corynetoxicosis of livestock grazing Agrostis avenacea. These bacteria-infected galls are present in infected annual ryegrass pastures from early spring onward, but they are most toxic when the plants senesce. Grass, tufted with spreading seedhead. Characteristic neurologic signs are similar to those of perennial ryegrass staggers (see Perennial Ryegrass Staggers). Nematodes are often called worms, but are actually tiny multicellular insects with smooth, unsegmented bodies. The toxicity in the seed-heads increases rapidly as the seeds set and mature, so the grazing pressure must be sufficient to remove the heads before they become toxic. Although the same bacterium is responsible for all the diseases, the Anguina nematode vectors of R.toxicus for these three grasses are different species than the A.funesta associated with annual ryegrass toxicity, and death losses are not as high. The nematode Anguina funesta feeds on annual ryegrass by creating a gall (swelling or growth) in which it lives and feeds, but which can also become infected with bacteria). It is particularly invasive in California, where it is a weed of sensitive vernal pool ecosystems around San Diego. Agrostis avenacea J.F.Gmel. Burning annual ryegrass pastures in the fall destroys most of the galls colonized by bacteria and minimizes the risk of toxicity in the following season. Soluble oxalates—calcium borogluconate injection (prognosis guarded). The corynetoxins are highly toxic glycolipids that inhibit specific glycosylation enzymes and therefore deplete or reduce activity of essential glycoproteins. Some farmers still try to spay the ryegrass, but to reduce the risk of toxicity it must be done early (even though it may damage the legume component of the pasture). Annual ryegrass toxicity is widespread in the agricultural districts of SA and the wheat belt of WA. Early spraying may fail to be effective, however, if rain occurs after spraying. Ingestion of sufficient quantities of avocado fruit is most likely to cause myocardial necrosis in which of the following species? Diagnosis is based on the characteristic neurologic signs of tremors, incoordination, rigidity, and collapse when stressed, with animals often becoming apparently normal again when left undisturbed. Tunicamycin irreversibly downregulates the expression of specific γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors and causes cell death in cultured brain neurons. This method of control is risky, however, and requires careful management to ensure stock safety. R. toxicus. Cal-IPC rating: Limited Plant Distribution. This often results in regrowth of additional heads from the base of the plants. Any regrowth can be grazed with sheep to prevent toxicity developing. Re-evaluation date: Evaluator(s) Joseph M. DiTomaso University of California, Davis Weed Science Program, Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616 530-754-8715 2.0 2.1; Mga sumpay ha gawas W.R.B. Trin. EquiMed Staff - 10/12/2020 annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT). ID 1958 Symbol Key AGAV Common Name Pacific bentgrass Family Poaceae Category Monocot Division Magnoliophyta US Nativity Introduced to U.S. US/NA Plant Yes State Distribution CA, HI, OH, SC, TX Growth Habit Graminoid Livestock Deaths Associated with Clavibacter toxicus/Anguina sp. Agrostis avenacea #Grasses. Experimentally, the corynetoxins deplete fibronectins and cause failure of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system. Common Blown Grass Classification. Annual ryegrass toxicity is seen in western and southern Australia and in South Africa from November to March. 1995 May; 72 (5):187–190. Burning annual ryegrass pastures in the fall destroys most of the galls and minimizes the risk of toxicity the next growing season. New South Wales, Australia. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955. ,Idlint# y rttW gererales Y perm4nenta do Is 111)". Last full review/revision Aug 2013 | Content last modified Aug 2013, © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. EquiMed staff writers team up to provide articles that require periodic updates based on evolving methods of equine healthcare. Gmel.) Grasses affected by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicusmost commonly infects annual Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum),but grasses such as blown grass and annual beard grass can also be infected. Signs identical to those of annual ryegrass toxicity have recently been described in Australia in animals grazing annual blown grass (Agrostis avenacea), annual beard grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), or annual veldtgrass (Ehrharta longiflora) infected with worm galls. Clinical signs identical to those of annual ryegrass toxicity have been described in Australia in animals grazing Agrostis avenacea (annual blown grass), Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass), or Ehrharta longiflora (annual veldtgrass) infected with nematode galls containing R toxicus. A significant increase in survival of sheep experimentally poisoned with tunicamycin was observed after treatment with derivatives of β-cyclodextrin. Occasional specimens appear to defy confident placement into either species; this suggests that a critical appraisal of these and other closely related taxa is required. ... causes the poisoning of livestock known as annual ryegrass toxicity. Hay made from a certain fescue grass--Festuca rubra commutata --with seed-head galls infected by Rathayibacter toxicus (a gram-positive toxin-producing bacterium that parasitizes plants) has caused a similar disease in cattle and horses in Oregon. Agrostis avenacea. There is a suspicion that it Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside of the US and Canada) is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. Aust Vet J. Gmel. Grazing of hay aftermath from toxic pastures should be avoided. The lesions include congestion, edema, hemorrhage of the brain and lungs, and degeneration of the liver and kidneys. 1981 Dec; 48 (4):251–255. Sheep, cattle, horses, farmed deer, and llamas are susceptible. These bacteria-infected galls are present in infected annual ryegrass pastures from early spring on, but are most toxic when the plants mature and are no longer growing. Outbreaks of “staggers” occur 2–6 days after animals graze a pasture containing annual ryegrass infected at a toxic level. At necropsy the lesions include congestion, edema, hemorrhage of the brain and lungs, and degeneration of the liver and kidneys. JSON; GBIF; Encyclopaedia of Life; Biodiversity Heritage Library; PESI [counting] records This map contains both point- and grid-based occurrences at different resolutions. Agrostis avenacea flowerhead1 (8236274388).jpg 2,140 × 1,622; 1.19 MB and Blown Grass (Agrostis avenacea C. Gemelin), page 393 Tunicaminyluracil Toxicity, an Emerging Problem in Livestock Fed Grass or Cereal Products, page 399 List committee review date: 27/08/2004. When animals eat infected Agrostis avenacea or Polypogon monspeliensis, the malady is called flood plain staggers. Some live as parasites in digestive tracts of animals, some live in the soil and are part of a healthy soil profile, and some parasitize plants. Agrostis avenacea J.F.Gmel. In Australia it is a fire hazard, and interferes with trains. erinary Studies, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150. r PAGINA 111FM A STADO Ott., TMK" A" Ciento d1weeWis ahos &I mirviclo do Ice m1n. 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